C++ Unions

 

Unions

Just like Structures, the union is a user-defined data type.  They provide better memory management than structures. All the members in the unions share the same memory location. 

 

The union is a data type that allows different data belonging to different data types to be stored in the same memory locations. One of the advantages of using a union over structures is that it provides an efficient way of reusing the memory location, as only one of its members can be accessed at a time. A union is used in the same way we declare and use a structure. The difference lies just in the way memory is allocated to their members.

 

Creating a Union element

We use the union keyword to define the union. 

The syntax for defining a union is,

union union_name
{
    //union_elements
} union_variable;

 

Here’s one example of how a union is defined and used in main as a user-defined data type.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
union money
{
    /* data */
    int rice;
    char car;
    float pounds;
};
 
int main()
{
    union money m1;
}

 

Initialising and accessing union elements

Different from how we used to initialise a struct in one single statement, union elements are initialised one at a time.

And also, one can access only one union element at a time. Altering one union element disturbs the value stored in other union elements.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
union money
{
    /* data */
    int rice;
    char car;
    float pounds;
};
 
int main()
{
    union money m1;
    m1.rice = 34;
    cout << m1.rice;
    return 0;
}

Output:

34

Note: We can only use 1 variable at a time otherwise the compiler will give us a garbage value and the compiler chooses the data type which has maximum memory for the allocation.